Artificial intelligence (AI) is permeating daily life, from smart home devices to online recommendations, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, even by experts. As AI systems rapidly scale, they pose environmental and financial risks, often resulting in biased and unreliable outputs. Issues like discriminatory algorithms in criminal sentencing and facial recognition highlight the urgent need for fairness and reliability in AI. The mathematical foundations of AI—spanning optimization, linear algebra, and statistics—are crucial for enhancing its dependability. Canada has a unique opportunity to invest in these mathematical sciences, promoting predictable and efficient AI systems in critical sectors like healthcare and banking. By focusing on science rather than sheer computational power, Canada can lead in developing sustainable and transparent AI that earns public trust. Strengthening these foundations will not only improve AI but also ensure better societal outcomes, reinforcing Canada’s position as a global AI leader.
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