In the contemporary security landscape, extremist groups, particularly jihadist networks, are increasingly leveraging advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) for recruitment and propaganda. These organisations have shifted from traditional digital propaganda to dynamic, AI-enhanced strategies that incorporate automated content generation and personalized engagement. The 2022 Europol report highlighted extremists’ use of AI for content creation and user interaction, targeting digital natives—people raised in a digital culture. Techniques include deepfake technology to produce realistic disinformation and AI-driven chatbots simulating human recruiters. This evolution poses substantial challenges for counterterrorism efforts, as conventional detection methods struggle against these scalable, nuanced tactics. To combat AI-enabled extremism, a multi-faceted approach is essential, involving sophisticated content moderation tools, collaborative threat intelligence, and uniform regulatory frameworks across borders. Effective counter-strategies require both innovative technologies and a deep understanding of the socio-psychological drivers behind online radicalization.
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